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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.1. Players talked in this report 1.2. Status and future of solid state battery business 1.3. Regional efforts 1.4. Factors affecting the European market 1.5. Location overview of major solid-state battery companies 1.6. Solid-state battery partner relationships 1.7. Solid-state electrolyte technology approach 1.8. Summary of solid-state electrolyte technology 1.9. Comparison of solid-state electrolyte systems 1.10. Technology evaluation 1.11. Technology evaluation (continued) 1.12. Technology summary of various companies 1.13. Solid state battery collaborations / investment by Automotive OEMs 1.14. Technology and manufacturing readiness 1.15. Score comparison 1.16. Solid-state battery value chain 1.17. Timeline for mass production 1.18. Are mass production coming? 1.19. Market forecast methodology 1.20. Assumptions and analysis of market forecast of SSB 1.21. Price forecast of solid state battery for various applications 1.22. Solid-state battery addressable market size 1.23. Solid-state battery forecast 2021-2031 by application 1.24. Market size segmentation in 2025 and 2031 1.25. Solid-state battery forecast 2021-2031 by technology 1.26. Solid-state battery forecast 2021-2031 for car plug in 2. LITHIUM METAL ANODE 2.1. Lithium metal is required for high energy density 2.2. Why is lithium so important? 2.3. Lithium metal may make a difference 2.4. Specific energy comparison of different electrolytes 2.5. Lithium metal challenge 2.6. Lithium metal foils 2.7. Where is lithium? 2.8. How to produce lithium 2.9. Lithium hydroxide vs. lithium carbonate 2.10. Lithium in solid-state batteries 2.11. Resources considerations 2.12. "Anode-free" batteries 2.13. Challenges of anode free batteries 3. FROM CELL TO PACK 3.1. Business models between battery-auto companies 3.2. Pack parameters mean more than cell's 3.3. Influence of the pack design 3.4. CATL's CTP design 3.5. BYD's blade battery: overview 3.6. BYD's blade battery: structure and composition 3.7. BYD's blade battery: design 3.8. BYD's blade battery: pack layout 3.9. BYD's blade battery: energy density improvement 3.10. BYD's blade battery: thermal safety 3.11. BYD's blade battery: structural safety 3.12. Cost and performance 3.13. BYD's blade battery: what CTP indicates 3.14. Summary 4. FAST CHARGING 4.1. Fast charging at each stage 4.2. The importance of battery feature for fast charging 4.3. Fast charging for solid-state batteries 5. COMPOSITE ELECTROLYTES 5.1. The best of both worlds? 5.2. Chapter 2 introduction 6. WHY IS BATTERY DEVELOPMENT SO SLOW? 6.1. What is a battery? 6.2. A big obstacle — energy density 6.3. Battery technology is based on redox reactions 6.4. Electrochemical reaction is essentially based on electron transfer 6.5. Electrochemical inactive components reduce energy density 6.6. The importance of an electrolyte in a battery 6.7. Cathode & anode need to have structural order 6.8. Failure story about metallic lithium anode 7. SAFETY ISSUES WITH LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES 7.1. Safety of liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries 7.2. Modern horror films are finding their scares in dead phone batteries 7.3. Samsung's Firegate 7.4. Safety aspects of Li-ion batteries 7.5. LIB cell temperature and likely outcome 8. LI-ION BATTERIES 8.1. Food is electricity for humans 8.2. What is a Li-ion battery (LIB)? 8.3. Anode alternatives: Lithium titanium and lithium metal 8.4. Anode alternatives: Other carbon materials 8.5. Anode alternatives: Silicon, tin and alloying materials 8.6. Cathode alternatives: LNMO, NMC, NCA and Vanadium pentoxide 8.7. Cathode alternatives: LFP 8.8. Cathode alternatives: Sulphur 8.9. Cathode alternatives: Oxygen 8.10. High energy cathodes require fluorinated electrolytes 8.11. How can LIBs be improved? 8.12. Milestone discoveries that shaped the modern lithium-ion batteries 8.13. Push and pull factors in Li-ion research 8.14. The battery trilemma 8.15. Form factor 9. CONCLUSIONS 9.1. Conclusions 9.2. Introduction 10. WHY SOLID-STATE BATTERIES 10.1. A solid future? 10.2. Worldwide battery target roadmap 10.3. Evolution of battery technology 10.4. Lithium-ion batteries vs. solid-state batteries 10.5. What is a solid-state battery (SSB)? 10.6. How can solid-state batteries increase performance? 10.7. Close stacking 10.8. Energy density improvement 10.9. Value propositions and limitations of solid state battery 10.10. Flexibility and customisation provided by solid-state batteries 11. INTERESTS AND ACTIVITIES ON SOLID-STATE BATTERIES 11.1. Solid-state battery literature analysis 11.2. Interests in China 11.3. 15 Other Chinese player activities on solid state batteries 11.4. Chinese car player activities on solid-state batteries 11.5. Regional interests: Japan 11.6. Technology roadmap according to Germany's NPE 11.7. Roadmap for battery cell technology 12. INTRODUCTION TO SOLID-STATE BATTERIES 12.1. History of solid-state battery development 12.2. History of solid-state batteries 12.3. Solid-state battery configurations 12.4. Solid-state electrolytes 12.5. Differences between liquid and solid electrolytes 12.6. How to design a good solid-state electrolyte 12.7. Classifications of solid-state electrolyte 12.8. Thin film vs. bulk solid-state batteries 12.9. Companies working on different sizes 12.10. Scaling of thin ceramic sheets 12.11. Requirements for solid-state electrolyte with multifunctions 12.12. How safe are solid-state batteries? 12.13. Major issues of solid-state batteries 13. SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTES 13.1. Applications of polymer-based batteries 13.2. LiPo batteries, polymer-based batteries, polymeric batteries 13.3. Types of polymer electrolytes 13.4. Electrolytic polymer options 13.5. Advantages and issues of polymer electrolytes 13.6. PEO for solid polymer electrolyte 13.7. Companies working on polymer solid state batteries 14. SOLID INORGANIC ELECTROLYTES 14.1. Types of solid inorganic electrolytes for Li-ion 14.2. Advantages and issues with inorganic electrolytes 14.3. Dendrites - ceramic fillers and high shear modulus are needed 14.4. Comparison between inorganic and polymer electrolytes 14.5. Oxide Inorganic Electrolyte 14.6. Oxide electrolyte 14.7. Garnet 14.8. Estimated cost projection for LLZO-based SSB 14.9. NASICON-type 14.10. Perovskite 14.11. LiPON 14.12. LiPON: construction 14.13. Players worked and working LiPON-based batteries 14.14. Cathode material options for LiPON-based batteries 14.15. Anodes for LiPON-based batteries 14.16. Substrate options for LiPON-based batteries 14.17. Trend of materials and processes of thin-film battery in different companies 14.18. LiPON: capacity increase 14.19. Comparison of inorganic oxide solid-state electrolyte 14.20. Thermal stability of oxide electrolyte with lithium metal 14.21. Companies working on oxide solid state batteries 14.22. Sulphide Inorganic Electrolyte 14.23. LISICON-type 14.24. Argyrodite 14.25. Companies working on sulphide solid state batteries 14.26. Others 14.27. Li-hydrides 14.28. Li-halides 15. SOLID-STATE BATTERY MATERIALS BEYOND ELECTROLYTE 15.1. Pouch cells 15.2. Techniques to fabricate aluminium laminated sheets 15.3. Packaging procedures for pouch cells 15.4. Material costs take significant portion and can fluctuate 15.5. Cathode price track 15.6. Other material price track 16. SOLID-STATE ELECTROLYTES BEYOND LI-ION 16.1. Solid-state electrolytes in lithium-sulphur batteries 16.2. Lithium sulphur solid electrode development phases 16.3. Solid-state electrolytes in lithium-air batteries 16.4. Solid-state electrolytes in metal-air batteries 16.5. Solid-state electrolytes in sodium-ion batteries 16.6. Solid-state electrolytes in sodium-sulphur batteries 17. SOLID-STATE BATTERY MANUFACTURING 17.1. The real bottleneck 17.2. The incumbent process: lamination 17.3. Summary of processing routes of solid-state battery components fabrication 17.4. Oxide electrolyte thickness and processing temperatures 17.5. Wet-chemical & vacuum-based deposition methods for Li-oxide thin films 17.6. Current processing methods and challenges for mass manufacturing of Li-oxide thin-film materials 17.7. Process chains for solid electrolyte fabrication 17.8. Process chains for anode fabrication 17.9. Process chains for cathode fabrication 17.10. Process chains for cell assembly 17.11. Cell stacking options 17.12. Solid battery fabrication process 17.13. Manufacturing equipment for solid-state batteries 17.14. Solid Power's ASSB manufacturing 17.15. Industrial-scale fabrication of Li metal polymer batteries 17.16. Typical manufacturing method of the all solid-state battery (SMD type) 17.17. Are thin film electrolytes viable? 17.18. Summary of main fabrication technique for thin film batteries 17.19. PVD processes for thin-film batteries 17.20. Ilika's PVD approach 17.21. Avenues for manufacturing 17.22. Toyota's approach 17.23. Hitachi Zosen's approach 17.24. Sakti3's PVD approach 17.25. Planar Energy's approach 17.26. Solid-State Battery Applications 17.27. Potential applications for solid-state batteries 17.28. Market readiness 17.29. Solid-state batteries for consumer electronics 17.30. Performance comparison: CEs & wearables 17.31. Solid-state batteries for electric vehicles 17.32. Batteries used in electric vehicles 17.33. ProLogium: "MAB" EV battery pack assembly 17.34. 24M 17.34.1. Innovative electrode for semi-solid electrolyte batteries 17.34.2. Redefining manufacturing process by 24M 17.35. BAIC Group 17.35.1. BAIC's prototype 17.36. BMW 17.36.1. Automakers' efforts - BMW 17.37. Bolloré 17.37.1. Bolloré's LMF batteries 17.37.2. Automakers' efforts - Bolloré 17.38. BrightVolt 17.38.1. BrightVolt batteries 17.38.2. BrightVolt product matrix 17.38.3. BrightVolt electrolyte 17.39. CATL 17.39.1. CATL 17.39.2. CATL's energy density development roadmap 17.40. CEA Tech 17.40.1. CEA Tech 17.41. Coslight 17.41.1. Coslight 17.42. Cymbet 17.42.1. Micro-Batteries suitable for integration 17.43. Enovate Motors 17.43.1. Enovate Motors 17.44. Excellatron 17.44.1. Thin-film solid-state batteries made by Excellatron 17.45. FDK 17.45.1. FDK 17.45.2. Applications of FDK's solid state battery 17.46. Fisker 17.46.1. Automakers' efforts - Fisker Inc. 17.47. Fraunhofer Batterien 17.47.1. Academic views - Fraunhofer Batterien 17.48. Front Edge Technology 17.48.1. Ultra-thin micro-battery—NanoEnergy® 17.49. Ganfeng Lithium 17.49.1. Ganfeng Lithium 17.50. Giessen University 17.50.1. Academic views - Giessen University 17.51. Hitachi Zosen 17.51.1. Hitachi Zosen's solid-state electrolyte 17.51.2. Hitachi Zosen's batteries 17.52. Hozon Automobile 17.52.1. Hozon Automobile's prototype 17.53. Hydro-Québec 17.53.1. Hydro-Québec 1 17.53.2. Hydro-Québec 2 17.54. Hyundai 17.54.1. Automakers' efforts - Hyundai 17.55. Ilika 17.55.1. Introduction to Ilika 17.55.2. Ilika's business model 17.55.3. Ilika's microtechnology 17.55.4. Ilika: Stereax 17.55.5. Ilika: Goliath 17.56. IMEC 17.56.1. IMEC 17.57. Infinite Power Solutions 17.57.1. Technology of Infinite Power Solutions 17.57.2. Cost comparison between a standard prismatic battery and IPS' battery 17.58. Ionic Materials 17.58.1. Ionic Materials 17.58.2. Technology and manufacturing process of Ionic Materials 17.59. JiaWei Renewable Energy 17.59.1. JiaWei Renewable Energy 17.60. Johnson Battery Technologies 17.60.1. Johnson Battery Technologies 17.60.2. JBT's advanced technology performance 17.61. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 17.61.1. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 17.62. Konan University 17.62.1. Solid-state electrolytes - Konan University 17.63. Nagoya University 17.63.1. Nagoya University 17.64. Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, CAS 17.64.1. Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, CAS 17.65. NIO 17.65.1. NIO 17.66. Ohara Corporation 17.66.1. Lithium ion conducting glass-ceramic powder-01 17.66.2. LICGCTM PW-01 for cathode additives 17.66.3. Ohara's products for solid state batteries 17.66.4. Ohara / PolyPlus 17.66.5. Application of LICGC for all solid state batteries 17.66.6. Properties of multilayer all solid-state lithium ion battery using LICGC as electrolyte 17.66.7. LICGC products at the show 17.66.8. Manufacturing process of Ohara glass 17.67. Panasonic 17.67.1. Battery vendors' efforts - Panasonic 17.68. Polyplus 17.68.1. Polyplus 17.69. Prieto Battery 17.69.1. Prieto Battery 17.70. ProLogium 17.70.1. Introduction to ProLogium 17.70.2. ProLogium's technology 17.70.3. Technology breakthrough 17.70.4. Product types 17.70.5. ProLogium: Solid-state lithium ceramic battery 17.70.6. MAB technology 17.71. Qingtao Energy Development 17.71.1. Qingtao Energy Development 17.71.2. History of Qingtao Energy Development 17.72. QuantumScape 17.72.1. Introduction to QuantumScape 17.72.2. Introduction to QuantumScape's technology 17.72.3. QuantumScape patent summary 17.72.4. QuantumScape patent analysis 17.72.5. Garnet electrolyte/catholyte 17.72.6. QuantumScape patent analysis 17.72.7. Test analysis of QuantumScape's cells 17.72.8. Tests of QuantumScape's cells 17.72.9. Challenges of QuantumScape's technology 17.72.10. Features of garnet electrolyte in SSBs 17.72.11. QuantumScape's technology 6 17.72.12. QuantumScape's manufacturing timeline 17.73. Samsung 17.73.1. Battery vendors' efforts - Samsung SDI 17.73.2. Samsung's work with argyrodite 17.74. Schott 17.74.1. SEEO 17.75. SES 17.75.1. Introduction to SES 17.75.2. Polymer-based battery: SES 17.76. Solid Power 17.76.1. Introduction to Solid Power 17.76.2. Solid Power's offering 17.76.3. Solid Power's technology roadmap 17.76.4. Solid Power test graphs 17.76.5. Solid Power's product roadmap 17.77. Solvay 17.78. STMicroelectronics 17.78.1. From limited to mass production—STMicroelectronics 17.78.2. Summary of the EnFilm™ rechargeable thin-film battery 17.79. Taiyo Yuden 17.79.1. Taiyo Yuden 17.80. TDK 17.80.1. CeraCharge's performance 17.80.2. Main applications of CeraCharge 17.81. Ensurge Micropower (Former Thin Film Electronics ASA ) 17.81.1. Introduction to the company 17.81.2. Ensurge's execution plan 17.81.3. Ensurge's technology 17.81.4. Business model and market 17.81.5. Key Customers, partners and competitors 17.81.6. Company financials 17.82. Tokyo Institute of Technology 17.83. Toshiba 17.83.1. Composite solid-state electrolyte 17.84. Toyota 17.84.1. Toyota's activities 17.84.2. Toyota' efforts 17.84.3. Toyota's prototype 17.84.4. University of Münster 17.84.5. Academic views - University of Münster 17.85. Volkswagen 17.85.1. Automakers' efforts - Volkswagen 17.85.2. Volkswagen's investment in electric vehicle batteries 17.86. WeLion New Energy Technology 18. APPENDIX 18.1. Glossary of terms - specifications 18.2. Useful charts for performance comparison 18.3. Battery categories 18.4. Commercial battery packaging technologies 18.5. Comparison of commercial battery packaging technologies 18.6. Actors along the value chain for energy storage 18.7. Primary battery chemistries and common applications 18.8. Numerical specifications of popular rechargeable battery chemistries 18.9. Battery technology benchmark 18.10. What does 1 kilowatthour (kWh) look like? 18.11. Technology and manufacturing readiness 18.12. List of acronyms

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