Thomas Jefferson, the American statesman and third US president, was many things (including, notoriously, a slave-owner). But whatever else he was (or wasnāt), he was a firm believer in what he called the āsuffrage of the peopleā ā what today weād call democracy.
The democracy he had in mind, of course, wasnāt a truly āgeneral suffrageā of all citizens: in its most ambitious form it enfranchised only male taxpayers and soldiers. It was also far removed from the classical ideal set by Ancient Athens, in which all eligible citizens gathered regularly to debate and settle policy. Still, even Jeffersonās limited and strictly ārepresentativeā version of democracy required something vital if it was to function properly: not just an able and knowledgeable public service, but a well-informed voting public.
As Jefferson himself put it: āWhenever the people are well-informed, they can be trusted with their own government.ā Most Western democracies subscribe to this example today. But in the face of scientific and technological progress over the course of the 20th century, many political scientists, futurists and journalists have been left wondering about the future of democracy.
In the quest to figure out where weāre headed, an obvious question looms. Just how well-informed can we expect the average citizen to be in a world that grows ever more complex and befuddling by the day? It would be naĆÆve to think that the rise of science and technology hasnāt made it more difficult to fully comprehend the problems we face as citizens.
Global warming is the standout issue. Unless you happen to belong to a handful of experts who are well-informed on geology, meteorology and oceanography, you have to make a serious effort to understand the intricacies of climate science.
Add global warming scepticism to the news and itās no wonder climate scepticism is so high in some countries. In the US, up to 20% of US citizens donāt think human activity contributes much, or anything at all, to climate change. In Australia, 38% of people surveyed donāt consider climate change to be a major threat. The same survey found that in Canada that figure is 34%, and in the UK 30%.
Thereās a new game in town
Unfortunately, the past five to 10 years have also seen the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), and more particularly a branch of AI called āmachine learningā.
Machine learning occupies an interesting position in the story of scientific progress. On one hand itās a natural outcome of developments in computer science that began in the 1980s. On the other hand, its total dependence on information ā and its ability to make do with all sorts of information, including things like your keystroke and heart rate ā marks what could turn out to be a more radical break with previous technologies.
Machine learning uses existing information to generate new information. But it also allows that new information to be put to a variety of questionable uses, including surveillance and manipulation.
If youāve ever been recommended products while shopping online, youāve probably been profiled. Ever been denied an application for a credit card in short order? Again, youāve probably been profiled. Algorithmic profiling presents a host of ethical and legal challenges, particularly around discrimination and privacy. But profiling is just the tip of an ever-expanding iceberg.
Democracy under attack?
Many uses of big tech pose a threat to individuals as individuals, which is bad enough. Other uses, though, pose a threat to individuals as democratic citizens. Depressingly, thereās already a standout example here.
In 2017, it transpired that the UK company, Cambridge Analytica, had assisted the UKās 2016 Brexit Leave campaign by providing it with targeted political advertising services. These services were facilitated by access to Facebook data, in a major breach of Facebookās own policies.
Such so-called ādarkā ads are usually sent to the very people most likely to be susceptible to them. Unlike old-school pamphleteering and letterboxing, the ads arenāt distributed helter-skelter. Theyāre targeted, based on in-depth mining of peopleās browsing histories, Facebook likes, tweets, and online purchases. Whatās more, a dark ad is typically sent without the receiver having the benefit of hearing the opposing view.
This isnāt how the democratic āmarketplace of ideasā is supposed to work. Indeed, how weāre to understand and regulate the influence of algorithms on our perceptions is among the most important questions AI poses today. Another question worth pondering is why so many governments around the world seem bent on automating public administration when thereās plenty of evidence to suggest itās often neither efficient nor fair.
Basic lack of understanding obstructs more fruitful civic engagement with AI, data and big tech. But as citizens, we should know whatās going on ā and who benefits.
Thatās why my colleagues and I put our heads together and wrote a book that we think will help people sort their way through the AI jungle. Citizens deserve more than a superficial acquaintance with tech ā nothing to cause confusion, but enough to inform a principled understanding of the world around them.
As Time journalist Frank Trippett put it way back in 1979: āThe expert will have to play a more conscious role as citizen, just as the ordinary (citizen) will have to become ever more a student of technical lore.ā
Our hope is that more journalists, industry leaders and academics will fulfill Trippettās vision by becoming expert citizens themselves. This means giving people as much clear information as they need to make informed, responsible democratic choices. Democracy demands no less.
Gloss